Essay --

Joseph Winkelmann Mr. Sargent English 250 16 December 2013 Stem Cells Although stem cell research is a hot topic in politics and the scientific field as of late, it dates back to the 1950s. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can become any cell, such as but not limited to skin cells or brain cells. These cells are some of the first cells in the human body. Not only do they divide and form new cells rapidly in the embryonic stage, they can form any specialized cell in the human body, a process called differentiation. They can also form new stem cells, a process called self-renewal (Staff). Although the fear of unethical human cloning is present, the study of stem cells is necessary because it can improve society by testing new medications for safety and effectiveness, and by finding the cure of potentially fatal diseases, such as cancer. Stem cells can only be acquired from a few places. Embryonic stem cells are formed in the embryo just a few days after fertilization. By this point, there are about one hundred cells; this is called a blastocyst. Of those one hundred cells, ten to twenty are unspecialized stem cells (â€Å"Embryonic Stem Cells...†). These stem cells, known as pluripotent cells, can make every type of cell in the human body. The blastocyst is the only place that pluripotent cells can be found in the body. The long term goal of true embryonic pluripotent cells is to be used to repair diseased tissue; however; at this point in stem cell research, embryonic stem cells are being used for research purposes, specifically to determine how diseases originate and progress in the human body (Staff). Another type of stem cells is adult stem cells. Found in small quantities, these cells are located in the bone... ...and cost over $6 million,† (â€Å"Product Development...†). Cutting out even one fourth or one third of drug and toxicity testing on animals would lead to multi-million dollar savings. There would also be savings in terms of energy and resources dedicated to studying experiments that result potentially irrelevant and dangerous results. Stem cell research is ethical and requires deeper experimentation. From increasing the safety of medicine to developing treatments that cure diseases, stem cells are the key to success. Stem cells can also be used to determine how diseases and injuries progress and affect certain cells within the body. Furthermore, using stem cells for research purposes will save money by cutting out some if not all animal testing, provide safer and better medications, as well as allow the allocation of saved resources to other research endeavors.

Prepartion of Primary Standard

Experiment 2 Preparation of Primary Standard solutions and Standardizing Acid and Base solutions Objectives: The objective of this experiment is: 1- To prepare two primary standard solutions, KHP and Na2CO3 2- To standardize a sodium hydroxide solution using the prepared primary standard KHP. 3- To standardize a hydrochloric acid solution using the prepared primary standard Na2CO3. 4- To calculate the concentration of an unknown acid or base. Introduction A primary standard is a standard that is accurate enough that it is not calibrated.For a compound to be considered as a primary standard it should have several important characteristics, the most important of which are high purity, stability, low hygroscopicity, high solubility, and high molar mass. A primary standard solution is a solution of known concentration made from a primary standard. Primary standard solutions are used in determining the concentrations of other solutions to an extremely high accuracy. They are typically use d in titrations and other analysis techniques as standardization solutions.A secondary standard solution, such as HCl solution, is a solution which must be standardized first against a primary standard, but afterwards, it will be stable enough for titrimetric work (Titration). Titration involves the gradual addition of a solution of accurately known concentration (standard solution) to another solution of unknown concentration (or vice versa), until the chemical reaction is complete. Titrations are based on reactions which go to completion rapidly. A reaction is complete when stoichiometric amounts of the reacting substances are combined.This is the stoichiometric point (equivalence point) in the titration. The equivalence point is detected visually using an indicator. An indicator is a substance (added at the beginning of the titration to the flask) that changes color at (or very near) the equivalence point. The point where the indicator actually changes color is called the end poi nt of the titration. In this experiment, two primary standards will be used. The first is potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHC8H4O4, abbreviated as KHP, molar mass = 204. 23 g/mol), an acid primary standard which will be used to standardize a sodium hydroxide solution.The structure of KHP is shown below: O COH CO K O The chemical equation of the reaction can be written as: KHP(aq) + NaOH(aq) ? Or, expressed as a net ionic equation, HP-(aq) + OH-(aq) ? P2-(aq) + H2O(l) The second primary standard to be used is sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 (molar mass = 105. 99), a base, by which a hydrochloric acid solution will be standardized. The chemical equation of the reaction is: 2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) > CO2 (g) + 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq) KNaP(aq) + H2O(l) The reaction above generates CO2, which dissolves into the solution to generate an acid.The presence of dissolved CO2 thus interferes with the pH and the detection of the end point of the titration. However, the CO2 can be driven off by boiling the solut ion, enabling an accurate titration. Procedure I. Standardization of NaOH a. Preparation of the acid primary standard 1. Obtain a bottle containing ~2g of KHP and weigh it with the cap on the analytical balance. Record the mass in Table 2. I. 2. Transfer the solid KHP to a 100. 0 mL volumetric flask using a funnel, re-stopper the bottle and weigh it. Record the mass in Table 2. I. 3.Rinse the funnel to wash any sticking solid using a washing bottle and add more distilled water into the volumetric flask to dissolve the KHP (1/2 its capacity). Swirl the flask; make sure to dissolve the solid completely. Add more water (2/3) and swirl again. Dilute to the mark carefully, stopper or cover with a parafilm paper and invert several times with swirling to homogenize the KHP solution. b. Preparation of an approximately 0. 1 M NaOH solution 1. Obtain about 6 mL of a 50 % (w/v) NaOH solution in a clean and dry graduated cylinder from the stockroom. Transfer the NaOH to a clean 1L polyethylene bottle.Fill the rest of the polyethylene bottle with double distilled water to the mark. Shake thoroughly to homogenize. 2. Rinse your buret, after washing it with distilled water, with few mL of the NaOH solution; allow some solution to flow out through the lower end. Fill the rinsed buret with NaOH, make sure that the tip is filled with no air bubbles. c. Standardization of NaOH 1. Pipet a 10. 00 mL aliquot of the primary standard KHP solution into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 25 mL of distilled water and two drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Record the buret reading (use a white card as background to facilitate reading the buret).Put a white tile or paper below the Erlenmeyer flask and start titrating by adding NaOH continuously and with constant swirling of the flask. A pink color appears locally and disappears on swirling; continue titration till a faint pink color persists. Take the lower reading of the buret. The first titration is usually a rapid one. 2. Repeat the titra tion slowly three more times. Record data in Table 2. II. 3. Calculate the average molarity. II. Standardization of HCl a. Preparation of the base primary standard 1. Obtain a bottle containing ~1g of dry Na2CO3 and weigh it with the cap on the analytical balance.Record the mass in Table 2. III. 2. Transfer the solid Na2CO3 to a 100 mL volumetric flask using a funnel, re-stopper the bottle and weigh it. Record the mass in Table 2. III. 3. Rinse the funnel to wash any sticking solid using a washing bottle and add more distilled water into the volumetric flask to dissolve the Na2CO3 (1/2 its capacity). Swirl the flask; make sure to dissolve the solid completely. Add more water (2/3) and swirl again. Dilute to the mark carefully, stopper or cover with a parafilm paper and invert several times with swirling to homogenize the solution. b.Standardization of HCl 1. Get around 200 mL of HCl solution using a beaker and cover with a watch glass. 2. Rinse your buret, after washing it with dist illed water, with few mL of the HCl solution; allow some solution to flow out through the lower end. Fill the rinsed buret with HCl, make sure that the tip is filled with no air bubbles. 3. Pipet a 10. 00 mL aliquot of the primary standard Na2CO3 solution into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 25 mL of distilled water and two drops of bromocresol green indicator. Record the buret reading (use a white card as background to facilitate reading the buret).Put a white tile below the Erlenmeyer flask and start titrating by adding HCl continuously and with constant swirling of the flask until a change of color from blue to faint green. Boil the solution to expel CO2. The color should return to blue. Carefully add HCl from the buret until the solution turns green again and report the volume of acid at this point. Keep the solution as reference for color for the other titrations. 4. Repeat the titration slowly three more times. Record data in Table 2. IV. c. Titration of blank 1. Add to a 125 m L Erlenmeyer flask 50 mL of distilled water and two drops of bromocresol green ndicator. Titrate with your HCl solution to faint green. Subtract the volume of HCl needed for the blank from that required to titrate Na2CO3. 2. Calculate the mean HCl molarity. III. Determining the concentration of an unknown a. Qualitative identification of the unknown 1. Obtain an unknown from the stockroom and record its number in the report. Add two drops of the phenolphthalein indicator. 2. Identify if it is an acidic or a basic unknown. Record your observation. b. Titration of the acidity in an unknown acid solution 1. Fill your burette with either HCl or NaOH according to your observation in the previous part. . Pipet a 25 mL aliquot of the unknown solution into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add two drops of the needed indicator (either phenolphthalein or bromocresol green). Record the buret reading (use a white card as background to facilitate reading the buret). Put a white tile or paper below the Erlenmeyer flask and start titrating by adding HCl or NaOH continuously and with constant swirling of the flask until a change of color according to the indicator being used. Record the lower reading of the buret. (Note: if your unknown is a base, remember to boil the solution as in part II. before proceeding with the titration to the end) 3. Repeat the titration slowly three more times. Record data in Table 2. V. Reference: Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7th Ed. Student Name______________ Student ID #_______________ Experiment 2 Date_____________ Section___________ Preparation of Primary Standard solutions and Standardizing Acid and Base solutions Purpose: Data and calculation: I. Standardization of NaOH Table 2. I: Preparation of the acid primary standard Mass of vial + cap + KHP Mass of vial (empty)+ cap Mass of KHP Volume of solution M KHP = ___________________ Table 2.II: Standardization of the NaOH Solution Trial 1 2 3 Upper buret reading (mL) Lower buret reading (mL ) Volume of NaOH (mL) Volume of KHP aliquot =________________________ V NaOH = ____________________________________ ______________________________ M NaOH (average) = II. Standardization of HCl Table 2. III : Preparation of the base primary standard Mass of vial + cap + Na2CO3 Mass of vial (empty)+ cap Mass of Na2CO3 Volume of solution M Na2CO3 = ___________________ Table 2. IV: Standardization of the HCl Solution Trial 1 2 3 Upper buret reading (mL) Lower buret reading (mL) Volume of HCl (mL) Volume of HCl for blank (mL)Volume of Na2CO3 aliquot =_________________ V HCl = ___________________________________ M HCl (average)= ____________________________ III. Determining the concentration of an unknown Unknown # = Unknown identity = Volume of unknown (aliquot) = Table 2. V: Determination of the Concentration of an Unknown Trial 1 2 3 Upper buret reading (mL) Lower buret reading (mL) Volume of HCl or NaOH (mL) Volume for blank (mL) V standard (average) = _______________________ M unknow n (average) = _____________________________

Essay about Othello - 533 Words

People are not always the way you see them to be. Within the play Othello by William Shakespeare, a character named Iago displays a very good example of this. Iago who is Othello’s ensign is considerate to people although at the same time manipulates their minds into thinking different things other than what had really occurred. Therefore, the victims of Iago’s mischievous acts had been lured in to gullibility at every corner. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Act I, Iago had used his ‘magic’ on Roderigo who was very upset upon the fact that Othello and Desdemona were still able to be as one, since he was very much in desire for her. Iago had told him not to worry and that Desdemona will soon desire him. Roderigo had then believed him. He†¦show more content†¦Iago had shown great dishonesty and evilness to his own leader. Iago had already caused so much devious acts that he took this to another level. He had taken something that symbolized the love and compassion Othello had for Desdemona which a handkerchief. Iago had told Othello that Cassio and Desdemona have something going on after Iago had supposedly over heard what Cassio was saying in his sleep. Othello eventually becomes furious at both of them, most especially his wife because he is led to believe their marriage was false. Iago’s plan worked and it yet close to his goal. He again persuades Othello in killing Cassio so he will win her back. Othello still relies on Iago’s influence thinking that all his decisions are proper things to do. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As of act V, at the end Iago’s own wife is the one to figure out what his whole plot is and tells Othello what he had done and this was one thing that Iago had not been able to use his skills in manipulating him. 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Othello becomes more aware of what Iago is saying and the anger that he has towards Iago has significantly reduced, while he begins to doubt Desdemona.Read More Free Othello Essay: The Disintegration of Othello590 Words   |  3 PagesDisintegration of Othello nbsp; nbsp;nbsp; Shakespeares Othello is a play with unique characters. One such character is the one for which Shakespeare names his play. In the play, Othello disintegrates from a confident leader to a homicidal murderer. Linguistic changes throughout the play attest to this theory. nbsp; In the opening scenes, Shakespeare portrays Othello as a noble character. When Brabantio seeks vengeance (for stealing his daughter) on Othello, Othello expresses his actions

Person With Disabilities Barriers From College At The...

Person with Disabilities: Barriers from College to the Workforce Janel Parker University of Saint Joseph Person with Disabilities: Barriers from College to the Workforce People with disabilities are constantly overcoming obstacles only to encounter more. According to the United Nations, â€Å"the term ‘persons with disabilities’ is used to apply to all persons with disabilities including those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which, in interaction with various attitudinal and environmental barriers, hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others† (United Nations, 2007). The prevalence of persons living with a disability nationwide is unknown, due to†¦show more content†¦This paper will examine the barriers that people with physical disabilities face from college to the workforce, with a special focus on people who are vision impaired. Defining Terms In the United States of America there are many terms and definitions used when referring to someone who has a documented vision impairment. The terms professionals use are blindness, legally blind, vision impaired, low vision or visual acuity. For the purpose of this research paper the terms that will be used are vision impairment or legally blind, which are interchangeable. Vision impairment will be defined using sec. 10-294a from Chapter 174 Education of The Blind (YEAR): (a) A person is legally blind if such person’s central visual acuity does not exceed 20/200 in the better eye with correcting lenses, or if such person’s visual acuity is greater than 20/200 but is accompanied by a limitation in the fields of vision such that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angle no greater than twenty degrees; (b) A person has impaired vision if such person’s central visual acuity does not exceed 20/70 in the better eye with correcting lenses (CHAPTER 174 EDUCATION OF THE BLIND, 2011). Literature Review In 1975, The Education for All Handicapped Children law was passed, which opened up the public doors for students with disabilities to attend public school, as well as be mainstreamed into the regular classrooms. In 1990, this law was changed to the

The Horizon s Setting 2020 Strategy - 1732 Words

Abstract: The term dependable (examination and) advancement has increased expanding EU arrangement significance in the most recent two years, specifically inside of the European Commission s Science in Society program, in the Horizon s setting 2020 Strategy. We give a brief verifiable diagram of the idea, and distinguish three particular components that are rising up out of related talks. The principal is an accentuation on the equitable administration of the reasons of exploration and advancement and their introduction towards the right effects . The second is responsiveness, underscoring the joining and regulation of set up methodologies of expectation, reflection and pondering in and around examination and advancement, impacting†¦show more content†¦Humans have been innovators, from the first shapers of stone and wood into crude implements, to the inventors of electronic gadgets that entertain us and help us manage our lives from our shirt pockets. Today innovation is based not only on the challenges, problems, and needs but also on the social, political, and cultural conditions prevailing in the prospective market. People fear the unknown à ³ especially when they believe that it could adversely affect their health or established social systems. The triangle of technology, innovation, and society is one of the central spheres of modern activities. Successful innovation frequently is not only the result of scientific-technical progress. Non-technical aspects, such as political and economic framework conditions, acceptance by the population, or ethical questions also play an important role in the decision whether and which technologies contribute to the solution of societal problems. Background Theory: By the 1980 s, the use of technology began to escalate. A 1982 study by The New York Times stated, The study was made by the Institute for the Future, a Menlo Park, Calif., and agency under contract to the National Science Foundation. It was an attempt at the risky business of technology assessment, peering into the future of an electronic world. The study focused on the emerging videotext

Heart Disease Free Essays

Heart Disease Kayla Tusa Adelphi University Abstract This paper is aimed to view heart disease and show the effects that it can have on the person who has it. The points made in this paper will show what heart disease does to the body. It shows symptoms and treatments that are used with this disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Heart Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now It mainly shows the facts about heart disease. The illness in my family that I feel poses the greatest threat to me is heart disease. Heart disease has been in my father’s family for a few generations. My father has heart disease and has had two heart attacks during his life. My father had to have quintuple bypass surgery after his second heart attack. My grandfather and great grandfather on my father’s side also both had heart disease and passed away from heart attacks. Since I have all of the knowledge I am aware of this disease and the effects it can have. I also realize the risk I have and take precautions as often as I can. The full name for heart disease is coronary heart disease. This is when there are blockages in the coronary arteries. These blockages are usually cause by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits, also called plaques, on the inner walls of the coronary arteries† (A, 2). When these blockages start to form issues come about. Since the arteries are being blocked, it can result in less blood traveling to the heart. If the blood traveling to the heart is restricted then this can cause problems to arise. If the heart does not get enough blood that means it is also not getting enough oxygen and nutrients. One signal that shows this is occurring is chest pains. The name of these chest pains is angina. Another problem that can occur from this blood restriction is a heart attack. A heart attack happens when the heart needs more energy than can be supplied to it from the blood supply it is receiving. There are many factors and causes that heart disease can have. â€Å"The most common risk factors include smoking, family history, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, high alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, stress, and hyperlipidemia† (A, 8). Studies have shown that about 54% of cases are linked to smoking, 20% of cases are linked to obesity, and 7-12% of cases are linked to lack of exercise (A, 9). I have asked my father what the causes have been for his heart disease. The causes of my father’s heart disease were smoking, family history, and stress. My father is not able to control family history. He also cannot control when he has stress but he has made efforts to manage his stress better. One thing he has done is that he quit smoking after his second heart attack. He knew that he needed to do this in order to not make his disease worse. A person can also have a higher risk of having heart disease if they have a history of high blood pressure in their family (A, 13-14). There are symptoms of having heart disease. Unfortunately these symptoms are not always noticeable. Sometimes the symptoms are obvious and sometimes there are no symptoms at all. In the early stages of heart disease it is likely for there to be no symptoms. Angina is the most common symptom of heart disease. This is why chest pains are seen as being very serious. The chest pains are felt when the heart is not getting what it needs to function properly. The pain that one experiences differs depending on the person (B, 14-15). This is very dangerous because when the heart is not getting what it needs there may be pains in other parts of the body. The pains do not always occur in the person’s chest. Pain may be felt in the neck, arms, stomach, upper back, or under the sternum (B, 16-17). This is dangerous because one may not realize what the cause of the pain is and may not get the proper treatment for it. When my dad had his second heart attack he did not have chest pains. He had pains in his upper back and was not planning on going to the hospital. He ended up changing his mind and was lucky he did because he needed immediate care. Women, elderly people, and people with diabetes are more likely to have symptoms other than chest pain, such as: fatigue, shortness of breath, and general weakness† (B, 20-23). Heart disease cannot be cured, but it has been proved that people can reduce it by making some changes in their lifestyle. One thing listed is a plant-based diet which was shown by Caldwell Esselstyn and Colin Campbell. It states that this diet is â€Å"effective as a treatment of coronary disease, and generalized atherosclerosis† (A, 16-17). Some other changes that can help are weight control, not smoking, avoiding trans fats, consuming fish il, decreasing psychosocial stress, and exercising. When exercising, it is most helpful to do aerobic exercises like walking, jogging, or swimming because it can help decrease blood pressure. When having heart disease, people may take medications as well. One type of medication that is used is a daily intake of aspirin. Other medications used are usually ones that lower cholesterol. If someone with heart disease has enough blockages in their arteries, they may need to have coronary artery bypass surgery. This surgery is also known more commonly as open heart surgery. This surgery helps clear the blockages that are in the arteries. Another option for treating blockages is coronary angioplasty. This is more commonly known as stents and it is non-surgical (A, 27-29). Multiple tests must be done before heart disease can be diagnosed. Some of the tests that are done are: coronary angiography, echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, electron-beam computed tomography, exercise stress test, heart CT scan, and a nuclear stress test. Coronary angiography is â€Å"an invasive test that evaluates the heart arteries under x-ray† (C, 29). An echocardiogram allows doctors to see the heart beating, and to see the heart valves and other structures of the heart† (D, 14-15). Electron-beam computed tomography is used to look for calcium. Sometimes there is calcium in the lining of the arteries which increases the chance of getting heart disease. â€Å"An exercise stress test is a screening tool used to test the effect of exercise on your heart† (E, 1) . A Heart CT scan is â€Å"an imaging method that uses x-rays to create detailed pictures of the heart and its blood vessels† (F, 1-2). A nuclear stress test is performed to see the blood flow is to the heart both when the body is resting and when it is active. Heart attacks are likely to occur when someone has heart disease. â€Å"Most heart attacks are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to the heart. If the blood flow is blocked, the heart is starved of oxygen and the heart cells die† (G, 3-4). The substance that could block these arteries is plaque. This is the most common cause for a heart attack. When someone has a heart attack the cause of the heart attack cannot always be determined. Heart attacks can happen at many different times. Some of these times are, â€Å"when you are resting or asleep, after a sudden increase in physical activity, when you are active outside in cold weather, or after sudden or severe emotional or physical stress, including an illness† (G, 10-15). Heart attacks can come suddenly and can cause a lot of damage, so it is very important that they are dealt with right away. As soon as someone thinks they may be having issues they should get help and not wait. This is because with heart attacks, the patient is more likely to die within the first few hours of having the heart attack. Some other symptoms of a heart attack that have not been stated are anxiety, cough, fainting, light-headedness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and sweating (G, 30-37). Heart attacks with no symptoms are known as â€Å"silent heart attacks† and are dangerous because the person has no signs. When someone goes to the hospital for a heart attack they will be cared for in many different ways. The patient is first hooked up to a monitor so that the doctor is able to see how their heart is beating. The patient also receives oxygen because it helps relieve the heart and takes stress off of the heart because it doesn’t have to work as hard. The patient is also giving an IV because this gives medications and nutrients to the patient. Some people may receive a drug such as morphine in order to reduce chest pains. Another medication that can be given is aspirin. The medication that is administered to the patient depends on what is safe for the patient. If the patient has abnormal heartbeats then they may need electric shocks in an attempt to fix these (G, 57-62). Heart disease is the number one killer of men and women. Heart disease is deadly and can take someone’s life before they know they are in any danger. My great grandfather had heart disease and passed away after having a heart attack. My grandfather passed away after having a heart attack as well. He was having a normal day and doing his day to day routine when he had his heart attack. He did not speak of any symptoms and had a sudden deadly heart attack. My father has had two heart attacks in his lifetime. He went to the hospital for his first heart attack because he was having chest ains. He had his second heart attack he went to the hospital because he had pains in his back. Soon after being there he found out he had five arteries blocked and needed to have immediate surgery. The recovery took a very long time for him, but he has made some changes in his lifestyle for the better. Heart disease is a serious illness. It is a disease that has been in my family for generations. I am scared because I feel I am at risk of getting this disease. Although I am nervous I am also very informed on the topic and what steps I can take to try to prevent this disease. I am very cautious and try to shape my life around preventing heart disease from entering it. Works Cited a- http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Coronary_disease#cite_note-Prevent_and_Reverse_Heart_Disease-11 b- http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004449/ c- http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007115. htm d- http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003869. htm e- http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003878. htm f- http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007344. htm g- http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000195. htm How to cite Heart Disease, Papers

Benefits of Social Media Marketing †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Benefits of Social Media Marketing. Answer: Introduction: One of the most important tools for managers and business owners in todays business world is social networking which provides assistance in gaining fast and quick response from customers and employees within the organisation. It can also be defined as a stand in which connection between people and organisation is created digitally and to establish relationship among them to procure the desired goal. The interchange of information can be in form of pictures, conversation, graphic presentation or videos but the purpose lies the same i.e. sharing of information and getting instant reaction(Elison, 2007). There are many social networking services (SNS) which are available and can be easily accessed with the help of internet connection to digital devices like laptop, mobile, computers, etc. The most commonly sites used in todays world by both business management and consumers are Face book, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+, etc(ARCA, 2012). In this literature review pros of social networking li ke cost efficiency, instant feedback, easy to use and several others will be compared with its cons. It might be agreed that social networking has many advantages but researchers have identified various disadvantages behind it like time consuming process, security risks, lack of physical attachment, etc. With its increasing demand in all business sectors, the advantages of SNS have become a major topic of discussion in literature. Social networking has gained importance as purpose behind it is the core of any business i.e. selling of product or service with ease. This can be further explained by an example of online shopping which has increased in last decade to much degree. Customer service companies are also taking help of SNS while making conversations with their clients online and also considers it as the best way to attract clients in shorter and cheaper way(TDK Technologies, 2017). Many IT enabled services and web designing companies are working to make SNS more effective and secure to use, as it has got many security issues also. In large firms where area of operation is not limited to one place, SNS provides them get attached with each other and makes digital connection for communication. Increase in brand recognition along with product/service awareness is another major objective of social networking which enables business sustainability. Scope for Social Networking in Business: While launching any new product or service in the market, it becomes important on management part to gain customer feedback so that further development can be made according to their preferences. This method can successfully get accomplished through SNS as more people are getting attracted to digital technology than traditional way of advertising like television and Emailing. In organisations where requirement of graphic presentations or group discussions between companies situated in different areas is higher, SNS serves an important role by making them connected digitally(ATT Intellectual Property, 2008). While transmitting informations and messages from one place to other, SNS keeps record of them and can be used for further reference. Recruiting efficient employees is another area where companies largely depends on SNS where new talent is invited by the company by showing companys brand significance and organisational culture while listing the areas where they can engage new empl oyees (Samson, 2015). The advantages of social networking in business can be broadly discussed under different categories reviewed by researchers and authors. As an inevitable part of todays strategic business, it becomes necessary to understand its importance in business and areas of consideration before implementing it. As shown in the figure below, the percentiles illustrate different purposes which are used and observed by the companies. The major advantages of social networking can be identified which will be further discussed in this review. Gaining brand recognition: This is one the major advantage observed in literature which is why social networking is increasing rapidly. For example, if a company or product is frequently posted in social websites like twitter and face book, the followers will get informed with latest updates and make instant feedbacks. Millions of people using social sites can get attracted by recitation of good qualities and overview of product/services that make customers select them. This can even help in the launch of new product as the customers get acquainted with it in much shorter time. At the same time the news about it must be posted on different and famous sites or else delayed estimation is possible (Fernando, 2012). Getting knowledge about competitors: While monitoring social Medias, information about competitors can be gained which can further help in making strategic plans for organisations. For example websites like Hootsuite which lists major social websites helps in getting information about the socially listed products and services(Copp, 2016). Once mentioning the required information and after attaining the same, the scope for improvement in business is enhanced and strategic management gets acquainted with their competitors which assist in making further necessary changes. Marketing made fast with ease: Information related products can be shared in social medias and can be seen by millions of people simultaneously in shorter period of time. According to the survey made by Hubspot, 57% of SNS users agrees that social media has provided them with a scope for growth of business (ARCA, 2012). It communicates brand and description about products in the market and enhances rumour about them both in a positive or negative manner. Thus many business organisations use SNS for marketing purpose and some uses to get feedback for making further changes or improvement. Improved interconnectivity between organisations: Social media sites provide efficient way to convey message or informations to targeted audience. While it is enormously used by market division in business, interconnected activities among organisations whether small or big are also enhanced and depend largely on SNS. Where organisations have subsidiaries spread within limited area or worldwide, SNS proves to be a great support. To interact with clients, business associates or executives who are not present at one place but are required to participate in meetings or group discussions; SNS gives a medium where they are able to have live discussions along with access to graphic presentations(Claywell, n.d.). Getting customer feedback: This is yet another benefit of social networking where company can get idea about customer preferences and feedback. As shown in the above picture a recent survey shows the percentage of customers who agrees that they use social medias for product selection and responds about them socially. This is the reason why companies choose SNS to enhance their marketing survey for getting customer response related to their product and to compare the same with their competitors. They can even communicate with their customers for getting knowledge about their feelings or their thoughts about product or service offered. Platform for customer related services and job seekers: Social media not only provides opportunity to business, but also to the ones who seek to work with them. Business firms gives opportunities to job seekers by giving details of employees requirement in social Medias along with showing company portfolio to attract more people to apply for newer posts. While job related and individual potential information is shared, it becomes easier for the management to select the ones who seems promising to the company and the procedure for connecting them is made. Social networking also gives assistance in promoting public related services which are advertised in cost effective manner in social sites. Normally these are group of people like labours, mechanics, carpenters, decorators, etc who promotes themselves in social sites to get work online and can be carried physically after making contacts. While making review on social networking uses in business, its consequences shall not be ignored and taken into consideration by business owners before making it an integral part of their enterprise. While increasing its uses in day to day business its outcomes are sometimes not predicted which can result in fallback of business. The below figure demonstrates the reasons why it is not used by many organisations due to negative impacts of SNS. Other disadvantages are discussed further in this research paper. Negative response from customers: Social Medias possess nature where easy accessibility of information among organisations and consumers are made possible which are used simultaneously by large number of people. Not all the time positive response is made by them as human nature and preferences differs from each other. Thus any bad or negative comment posted in social websites can prove dangerous for firms and can directly hit on its sales. While information is absorbed by millions of people, competitors can also take advantage of this factor and can create hindrance in marketing of product or services. The same applies for employees also when any circumstances of mistreatment or any false remark about their employers is made on social websites; it damages the company reputation and image(WebpageFX, 2017). Takes lot of time: To reach ultimate goal of business i.e. utmost sales and getting customer feedback for longer sustaining of organisation, it can sometimes take lot of time if SNS. The period between launching any new product and getting customer feedback can sometimes become time intensive as consumers may require time to judge effects of products like beauty product, health related product, construction service etc. To reach maximum consumers is another challenge faced by business owners and even SNS are digitally faster, can sometimes take lot of time to reach in all ends. There are other reasons also where people take social networking as time wasting process and are unaware of company products, thus lead company in reducing customers(Wiegand, 2017). Security issues: This is the most common reason why organisations are afraid of using social networking. While transmitting information to other departments, the information is sometimes hacked by hackers which are further used in wrong way. Sharing internal data via social media can prove risk oriented as there are chances of getting its leakage. Many banks and organisations have faced such cyber attacks where they had to bear millions of losses(DeMers, 2014). Many fraud companies use copyrights and trademark of famous companies and sell their products under the name of others. If the product or service is not genuine and up to the mark it results in negative customer feedback(Bank, 2014). Lack of physical contact: While making promotions and launching products online, physical contact is eliminated that can make customers difficult to believe in them. Earlier door to door selling was made by salesman along with product live campaigning where customers were made to touch and feel the product physically and make quick decisions about them. SNS here lacks preference as this factor also entails loss of customers. SNS within organisation also faces problems if contacts are made only through digital devices. Employees may lose morale and discipline in the absence of their boss and as a result reduces their work quality. Business clients will be more affected in a positive way if personal care and physical response is given to them along with spending quality time (Popova, n.d.). Conclusion: Through this report, analysis of social networking in business has been made and advantages and disadvantages have been recognised. After making evaluation it can be said that social networking gains importance in todays business world and cannot be eliminated completely. The pitfalls associated are also required to be considered to make organisation successful and set an example of strategic management (Knutsen, 2012).The benefits of social networking are majorly cost effective and increase of brand exposure along with engaging consumers in large numbers. Security risks along with negative feedback are few disadvantages observed in this review. The areas needed to be considered are outsourcing made by the company through SNS and should be made only after building detailed study of resource. While implementing business in SNS, company must also make contracts with the websites so that any breach of data can be tackled by them. Social networking if adopted with caution can prove benef icial to the business and help in getting identification in shorter and economical way (ARCA, 2012).After evaluating social networking in business and its importance it is clearly understood that the positive factors of it can only be gained if the negative ones are observed before implementing it. References: ARCA, C., 2012. Social Media Marketing benefits for businesses. [Online] Available at: https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/63562608/CelineArca_MScInternationalMarketing_MasterThesis2012.pdf [Accessed 26 August 2017]. ATT Intellectual Property, 2008. The Business Impacts of Social Networking. [Online] Available at: https://www.business.att.com/content/whitepaper/WP-soc_17172_v3_11-10-08.pdf [Accessed 25 August 2017]. Bank, C.M.v.d., 2014. The impact of social media: advantages or disadvantages. [Online] Available at: https://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_17_vol4(2)july-nov_2015.pdf [Accessed 25 August 2017]. Claywell, C.R., n.d. Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Networking. [Online] Available at: https://socialnetworking.lovetoknow.com/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_Social_Networking [Accessed 25 August 2017]. Copp, E., 2016. 10 Benefits of Social Media for Business. [Online] Available at: https://blog.hootsuite.com/social-media-for-business/ [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Delzio, S., 2015. 12 Social Media Marketing Trends for Small Business. [Online] Available at: https://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/social-media-marketing-trends-for-small-business/ [Accessed 26 August 2017]. DeMers, J., 2014. The Top 10 Benefits Of Social Media Marketing. [Online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jaysondemers/2014/08/11/the-top-10-benefits-of-social-media-marketing/#5fd949de1f80 [Accessed 25 August 2017]. Elison, D.M.B.a.N.B., 2007. Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. [Online] Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x/full [Accessed 25 August 2017]. Fernando, P., 2012. SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS USES. [Online] Available at: https://www.liquidlight.co.uk/blog/article/social-media-and-its-uses/ [Accessed 25 August 2017]. ITIQ Solutions, Inc. , 2017. BRANDS PLACE A HIGH VALUE ON SOCIAL MEDIA. [Online] Available at: https://itiqsolutions.com/services/social%20marketing/social%20media/ [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Knutsen, S., 2012. 3 Tips for Developing Your 2012 Social Media Strategy. [Online] Available at: https://www.business2community.com/social-media/3-tips-for-developing-your-2012-social-media-strategy-0113177#5ieilTXrsuBPhskU.97 [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Popova, D., n.d. THE GOOD AND BAD OF SOCIAL NETWORKS. [Online] Available at: https://research.bfu.bg:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/86/1/BFU_2011_T_XXV_Popova.pdf [Accessed 25 August 2017]. QuotesGram, 2017. Negative Quotes About Social Networking. [Online] Available at: https://quotesgram.com/negative-quotes-about-social-networking/ [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Samson, E., 2015. 5 Social-Media Opportunities Businesses Mostly Overlook. [Online] Available at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/254046 [Accessed 26 August 2017]. TDK Technologies, 2017. Setting Social Media Goals and Objectives. [Online] Available at: https://www.tdktech.com/tech-talks/enterprise-social-media-setting-goals-and-objectives-part2 [Accessed 26 August 2017]. WebpageFX, 2017. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media Marketing. [Online] Available at: https://www.webpagefx.com/internet-marketing/social-media-marketing-advantages-and-disadvantages.html [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Wiegand, N., 2017. Social Media Advantages and Disadvantages in Business. [Online] Available at: https://itstillworks.com/social-media-advantages-disadvantages-business-21665.htm [Accessed 26 August 2017].